A certain amount of free radicals is formed continuously under physiological conditions. However, under certain conditions, the formation of reactive radical compounds increases, which leads to oxidative stress. The causes of oxidative stress are numerous. These are various injuries (injuries, etc.), infections, excessive ultraviolet radiation, an increase in the level of exogenous and endogenous toxins, overheating and sudden cooling of the body, etc. These conditions are accompanied by the activation of various enzyme systems (cyclooxygenases, conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase, etc.), the release of gembels (myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochromes), which react with peroxides and stimulate free radical damage to various cells. Damage to mitochondria is accompanied by increased electron leakage and the formation of O2-, H2O2. The intracellular level of ionized calcium increases, which in turn stimulates Ca2 + -dependent nucleases and Ca2 + -calmodulin-dependent NO synthase with an increase in NO formation, which makes it possible to accelerate the formation of ONOO. The activation, therefore, of all these processes contributes to the development of oxidative stress.
Superoxide radicals activate LPO. Phospholipids, which are the main compounds of the cell membrane, due to their high unsaturation are easily exposed to the damaging effect of free radicals. When they interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids (free radicals: superoxide, hydroxyl and hydroperoxide), membrane structures are destroyed as a result of a chain reaction. In the process of lipid peroxidation, secondary compounds are formed (lipid hydroperoxides, diene aldehydes – compounds of an aldehyde nature, which include malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal). The aldehyde groups of these compounds react with the amino groups of proteins and nucleotides, which leads to disruption of the structure and function of such molecules.
Oxidative stress, accompanied by a significant increase in the level of free radicals and leading to an increase in lipid peroxidation, blocks the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, inhibits glycolysis and promotes the dissociation of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibits the activity of certain enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase, adenylate cyclase, etc.), which leads to dysfunction of many tissues. These changes can occur in the body in cases where the rate of formation of free radicals exceeds the neutralizing ability of the enzymes of the antioxidant system of the body.
Observations
As can be seen in research data, BSR has an antioxidant effect, which is one of the reasons for the restoration of sports performance and endurance. BSR is a low molecular weight antioxidant that can quickly accumulate in cells and biological fluids and has a sufficiently high migration ability, which allows preventing and successfully combating the effects of oxidative stress.
